托福官方考試局公布,2023年托??荚嚫母?span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: PingFangSC-light; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: justify;">在本次變革中,變化最大的當(dāng)屬
托福寫(xiě)作部分了,但是對(duì)于具體的考試改革運(yùn)用在考試中,有哪些變化呢?
在本次升級(jí)中,托福寫(xiě)作部分的整體作答時(shí)間也由原來(lái)的 50 分鐘調(diào)整為 29 分鐘,取消了獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作部分,繼續(xù)保留綜合寫(xiě)作的部分。
于此同時(shí),新增了一個(gè)寫(xiě)作題型,為“學(xué)術(shù)討論寫(xiě)作(discussion board)”,該試題采取模擬線上課堂討論的形式,要求考生根據(jù)指定話題進(jìn)行觀點(diǎn)闡述并提供論據(jù)。
盡管真正的改革后考試在 2023 年 7 月 26 日才進(jìn)行,但暑期將近,很多同學(xué)都想借此突擊提升自己的標(biāo)化成績(jī),那么:要怎么高效備考升級(jí)后的托福考試呢?對(duì)于新的寫(xiě)作題型要如何沖擊高分呢?
今天,犀牛國(guó)際教育借用官方釋出的一道考試樣題,來(lái)仔細(xì)分析托福寫(xiě)作新題型該如何作答。
托福新題型寫(xiě)作樣題+學(xué)生回答,
?In your response you should:
• express and support your opinion
• make a contribution to the discussion
與獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題目不同,新題型著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了 contribution 這個(gè)信息,那么怎樣的內(nèi)容才可以算作是為討論做出了 contribution 呢?我們接著分析。
Dr. Achebe:
When people are asked about the most important discoveries or inventions made in the last two hundred years, they usually mention something very obvious, like the computer or the cell phone. But there are thousands of other discoveries or inventions that have had a huge impact on how we live today. What scientific discovery or technological invention from the last two hundred years—other than computers and cell phones—would you choose as being important? Why?
(譯: 當(dāng)人們被問(wèn)及過(guò)去兩百年中最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明時(shí),他們通常會(huì)提到一些非常明顯的東西,比如電腦或手機(jī)。但還有成千上萬(wàn)的其他發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明對(duì)我們今天的生活方式產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。除了電腦和手機(jī),在過(guò)去兩百年中的你認(rèn)為還有哪些科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)或技術(shù)發(fā)明是重要的?為什么?)
答題前一定要仔細(xì)看清楚教授的問(wèn)題是什么,因?yàn)槟愕慕忉尯陀^點(diǎn)都是基于對(duì)問(wèn)題的回答。考題問(wèn)法跟原本的托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作區(qū)別不是特別大,像這道題討論的是技術(shù)進(jìn)步、發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)的評(píng)價(jià)問(wèn)題,屬于之前托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中會(huì)涉及到的問(wèn)題,在國(guó)外學(xué)術(shù)圈也是常討論的問(wèn)題之一。
Paul:
I mean, we’re so used to science and technology that we are not even aware of all the things we use in our daily lives. I would probably choose space satellites. This technology happened in the last hundred years, and it has become important for so many things. Just think about navigation, or telecommunications, or even the military.
(譯: 我認(rèn)為我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了科學(xué)和技術(shù)這些無(wú)意識(shí)但卻在我們?nèi)粘I钪袩o(wú)處不在的事物。我可能會(huì)選擇太空衛(wèi)星。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一百年里,它對(duì)許多事情都產(chǎn)生了重要影響。比如導(dǎo)航、電信,甚至軍事。)
學(xué)生 1 的回答里只表達(dá)了一些非常簡(jiǎn)要的觀點(diǎn),比如人造衛(wèi)星的常規(guī)用途:導(dǎo)航、遠(yuǎn)程通信、軍事等。在學(xué)生1的回答中并沒(méi)有充分展開(kāi)因果論證,建議考生在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作考試中沿著學(xué)生 1 的方向提供更多的信息,展開(kāi)更深一步的探討。
例如,可以探討導(dǎo)航、遠(yuǎn)程通信等的巨大作用,以及這些作用為什么可以讓人造衛(wèi)星變得非常重要?;蛘呖梢哉?wù)劤藢?dǎo)航、遠(yuǎn)程通信外,還有哪些作用可以讓人造衛(wèi)星變得非常重要,比如地理和氣象觀測(cè),氣象災(zāi)害預(yù)報(bào)等功能。
該類(lèi)型的題目可以依托一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)觀點(diǎn),以此再進(jìn)一步細(xì)化和補(bǔ)充新信息,讓這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)變得更豐富和更完整,如此便可以算作是 contribution 的一種表現(xiàn)形式。
Claire:
I am thinking about medical progress. Like, for example, when scientists discovered things about healthy nutrition. I am thinking of identifying all the vitamins we need to stay healthy. I am not sure exactly when the vitamin discoveries happened, but I know they are very important. Our health is much better than it was 200 years ago.
( 譯: 我認(rèn)為是醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步。比如,當(dāng)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)健康的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品。我正在考慮確認(rèn)我們保持健康所需的所有維生素。我不確定維生素是什么時(shí)候被發(fā)現(xiàn)的,但我知道它們非常重要,因?yàn)槲覀兊慕】禒顩r比 200 年前好多了。)
學(xué)生 2 的觀點(diǎn)主要討論了醫(yī)療上的進(jìn)步,進(jìn)一步來(lái)說(shuō)是營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)上維他命的發(fā)現(xiàn),或者也可以針對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)上的進(jìn)步這一方面進(jìn)行深度討論,比如其對(duì)人類(lèi)社會(huì)的影響——讓人類(lèi)遠(yuǎn)航更容易通過(guò)低成本實(shí)現(xiàn);人們擁有更加健康的狀態(tài),大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率等。
這兩位同學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)本身并沒(méi)有矛盾,因此很難運(yùn)用一些 contribution 的策略,例如批駁其中一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),找出該觀點(diǎn)的邏輯錯(cuò)誤,或者提供評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)調(diào)和兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的矛盾等。
但是從給出的題目要求中不難看出,另一個(gè)能夠符合 contribution 定義的策略就是——給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
針對(duì)如上樣題示例,犀牛國(guó)際教育孫野老師為大家準(zhǔn)備了專(zhuān)業(yè)范文解析,帶各位同學(xué)全面剖析寫(xiě)作新題的“上分套路”,精準(zhǔn)把握踩分點(diǎn)。
?In the past 200 years, tons of scientific discoveries or technological inventions have been shown to the world. (典型的開(kāi)頭段信息,但話題切合度比現(xiàn)在使用的開(kāi)頭段高很多)
If I had to choose one in particular it will probably be vaccine or antibiotics. (給出觀點(diǎn),但與之前兩位同學(xué)的回答不同,該觀點(diǎn)闡述的既不是衛(wèi)星,也不是發(fā)現(xiàn)維他命,而是疫苗和抗生素)
With Pasteur's work and discoveries, the world changed in a way people couldn't imagine. (過(guò)渡句,進(jìn)行重復(fù)和強(qiáng)化, changed in a way people couldn’t imagine 這個(gè)描述很精彩,通過(guò)微妙的過(guò)去時(shí)的使用精確表達(dá)了信息的關(guān)系——意為之前的人想不到)
So many people were dying really young because at that time life's conditions were not as good as the one we have now. (此處有一個(gè)平行結(jié)構(gòu)不嚴(yán)密的情況,如果改成“ life’s conditions were not as good as they are now”會(huì)更好,但這僅僅是表達(dá)句式上的效率問(wèn)題,不會(huì)造成任何歧義,也不會(huì)因此扣分)
With vaccine, we could now irradicate diseases that were killing millions of people, we learn so much about the immune system and ways our body was reacting to pathogens and the answers he could produce to defend us against it. Medicine evolved so much and keeps evolving every day because scientists are curious to understand how our body is working and how he is able to communicate with our environment. (同樣,指代有點(diǎn)小問(wèn)題,改成“how our body is working and ?how it is able to communicate”會(huì)好一點(diǎn),但距離代詞最近的第三人稱(chēng)代詞單數(shù)只有 our body,不會(huì)造成歧義,因此不會(huì)扣分)
People aged 40 are now not that old and still have a really long life to live and enjoy when 2 centuries ago it was synonymous of 80% chance of dying. (通過(guò)對(duì)比,突出相關(guān)領(lǐng)域在有疫苗和抗生素之前和有疫苗和抗生素之后的變化:對(duì)人體的理解,患病后的治療情況得到極大改善。對(duì)比的結(jié)構(gòu)在這里可以表現(xiàn)條件變化:有了疫苗和抗生素,直接導(dǎo)致壽命增長(zhǎng)這個(gè)結(jié)果發(fā)生變化,并且中間給了很清楚的邏輯論證內(nèi)容:因?yàn)閷?duì)人體了解更深入。面對(duì)這種評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)進(jìn)步因果關(guān)系的題目: 對(duì)比+一定理論論證是最嚴(yán)密且恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞剑?/span>
如果想通過(guò)未來(lái) 2~3 個(gè)月的準(zhǔn)備在托福寫(xiě)作的新題型中獲得高分,犀牛老師針對(duì)以下 3 個(gè)方面為各位同學(xué)提出了備考建議。
首先,寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容要符合對(duì) contribution 的定義,需要為討論添加新信息,讓討論變得更豐富且容易理解。
其次,要在自己的寫(xiě)作中注意邏輯推理結(jié)構(gòu)的使用,例如因果理論論證+對(duì)比或者是舉例+因果分析,否則單一的論證方式是很難做到嚴(yán)密的。
最后,從小細(xì)節(jié)做好自己,不要出會(huì)影響理解的邏輯錯(cuò)誤,以免影響自己的寫(xiě)作最終分?jǐn)?shù)。
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